Prime Elements of Ordinary Matter, Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Scientific theories do not last forever. Most of them are usually abandoned and replaced by more advanced theories. A few lucky older theories continued to survive for a while, but only as particular cases of more general theories. There is, however, one theory, known as the vortex theory that stubbornly refused to either go into oblivion or to become a particular case of a more advanced concept. Introduced at the dawn of science almost 2600 years ago, it had passed through several phases of accumulation of its strength (see Chapters 1 through 12 of this book), creating a foundation for new promising breakthroughs. In 1993 the author of this book discovered a unique spacetime spiral element, called the toryx. The ability of the toryx to be turned inside out made it perfect for modeling polarized prime elements of matter. At about the same time the author discovered a close offspring of the toryx called the helyx that turned out to be ideal for modeling polarized prime elements of radiation particles. Spacetime properties of the toryx and the helyx are governed by eight fundamental equations that can be viewed as their genetic codes. This discovery led the author to the development of a new version of the vortex theory called Three-Dimensional Spiral String Theory (3D-SST) outlined in Chapters 13 through 16 of this very informative and provocative book. Key Creation of prime elements of the Universe by polarization of Nothingness The unified structure and properties of prime elements of ordinary matter, dark matter and dark energy. Relativistic and quantum character of geometry, mass and electric charge of the prime elements of the Universe Creation of elementary particles by unification of polarized prime elements of the Universe Cyclic absorption and release of energy by elementary particles Unification of material and radiation elementary particles Unification of superstrong (color), strong, gravitational, and electric forces Unification of subluminal and superluminal velocities Unification of negative and positive infinities Unification of real and imaginary entities.